Mary Katherine Goddard

Mary Katherine Goddard (1738–1816) was an influential American printer, publisher, and patriot who made her mark during the American Revolution through her dedication to the dissemination of revolutionary ideas and her pioneering role in public service. In 1775, Goddard was appointed postmaster of Baltimore, likely becoming the first woman in America to hold such a significant federal position. Her career was marked by her resilience, independence, and commitment to the American cause during a time when few women held public or professional roles.

Goddard's work took on a particularly historic significance in January 1777, when she issued the first printed copy of the Declaration of Independence to include the names of all signatories. This "Goddard Broadside" was the second official printing of the Declaration, produced under Congress’s order following key American victories at Trenton and Princeton. Congress, feeling emboldened by these successes, recognized that the American public should know who had signed the revolutionary document, despite earlier fears of British reprisals against the signers. The July 4, 1776, printing by John Dunlap in Philadelphia had listed only the names of John Hancock and Charles Thomson, but Goddard’s edition included all fifty-six signers, publicly affirming their commitment to independence. Congress mandated that “an authentic copy of the Declaration of Independency, with the names of the members of Congress subscribing to the same, be sent to each of the United States, and that they be desired to have the same put upon record.” Goddard’s printing thus became a bold symbol of unity and resistance, providing a permanent record of the courageous men who pledged their lives to the cause of freedom.

Beyond her contributions as a printer, Goddard continued to serve as Baltimore’s postmaster throughout the Revolutionary War, ensuring the reliable communication that was critical to coordinating efforts across the colonies. Her appointment reflected her skill and dedication to her community, as the position was essential for maintaining connections between American cities during the conflict. However, in September 1789, with the appointment of Samuel Osgood as the new Postmaster General under the new U.S. government, Goddard was replaced by John White, a male appointee from Baltimore. This decision was met with outrage by Goddard, who had performed her duties competently and with distinction. She appealed directly to President George Washington to reinstate her, but Washington declined to interfere in the matter, likely out of a desire to avoid setting a precedent for presidential intervention in postmaster appointments. Goddard’s petitions to Congress for reinstatement and a financial claim were also unsuccessful, highlighting the challenges women faced in maintaining professional roles amid shifting social and political landscapes.

Despite this setback, Goddard remained active and resourceful. From 1790 until her death in 1816, she ran a successful bookstore in Baltimore, continuing to serve as a respected figure in her community. Her bookstore became a vital center for information, culture, and social engagement, reflecting her commitment to fostering knowledge and civic involvement.

Mary Katherine Goddard’s life and work underscore her remarkable resilience and independence in an era when women rarely held public office or professional titles. Her publication of the Declaration of Independence with the names of its signers immortalized her in American history, and her career as a printer, postmaster, and business owner highlights her legacy as a pioneering woman in American journalism and public service.